There Are Lots Of Icy Super⁘Earths

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Around noon Eastern time on Friday, three states reported air quality that was unhealthy for sensitive groups.

Ryan Nichols, who was sentenced to more than 5 years in prison for his role in the Jan. 6 Capitol attack, said he is running for Congress because he did not receive due process.

Bags of cash fell out of Brinks Home Security Company truck last week, resulting in approximately $300k being stolen, a complaint filed to Oak Park Police Department said. The complaint said the back door of the truck opened by unknown means, leading to three bags of U.S. currency falling out.

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What does the "typical" exosolar system look like? We know it's not likely to look like our own Solar System, given that our familiar planets don't include entire classes of planets (Hot Jupiters! Mini-Neptunes!) that we've found elsewhere. And our discovery methods have been heavily biased toward planets that orbit close to their host star, so we don't really have a strong sense of what might be lurking in more distant orbits.

A new study released on Thursday describes a search for what are called "microlensing" events, where a planet acts as a gravitational lens that magnifies the star it's orbiting, causing it to brighten briefly. These events are difficult to capture, but can potentially indicate the presence of planets in more distant orbits. The researchers behind the new work find indications that there's a significant population of rocky super-Earths that are traveling in orbits similar to that of Jupiter and Saturn.

The two primary methods we've used to discover exoplanets are called transit and radial velocity. In the transit method, we simply watch the star for dips in the light it sends to Earth, which can be an indication of a planet orbiting in a way that it eclipses a small fraction of the star. For radial velocity, we look for red- or blue-shifts in the light received from the star, caused by a planet tugging the star in different directions as it orbits.

Looking at this another way, if we'd known of a star with a planet that took as long as Jupiter to orbit, and started observations back in the mid-1990s, when the first exoplanets were discovered, there's a good chance we'd only have observed three transits so far. For something out in the neighborhood of Neptune, the odds are that we'd not have seen any.